Articles

Blütenhaftes in der Metamorphose der vegetativen Jahreszuwachseinheit der Stiel-Eiche (Quercus robur L.)

Kathrin Studer-Ehrensberger, Peer Schilperoord
Elemente der Naturwissenschaft 103, 2015, P. 5-27 | DOI: 10.18756/edn.103.5
Article | Language: German | €6.00
Export Article Citation as

Abstract:

In the work presented here we describe the bud forming process of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). In spring it takes some few weeks before a young shoot has completely opened out. The bud from which it comes has taken one and a half a year to develop to that stage. At that point in time, the terminal bud of the young branch is formed from the outer bud scales. From May to July, inside it develops the primordium for the branch in the following year, as well as the initial stages of the terminal bud that belongs to it.

The series of shapes of the organs in the transition from A) the true leaves of the terminal bud (the metamorphosis into the bud) and B) the terminal bud into the true leaves (the metamorphosis out of the bud) are described in detail. Shape series ‘A’ shows broad similarities to leaf series up to the flower of herbaceous plants. In both cases the upper leaf is reduced, firstly the petiole and then the leaf blade, and the leaf base remains as the outermost scales of the winter buds of the pedunculate oak, or as the sepals of the flower.

At bud opening in spring (shape series B) or with the blooming of the angiosperm flower, a ‘chalice’ opens. With the pedunculate oak, the outer winter bud scales form this ‘chalice’; with the flower the sepals form it. Inside the outer bud scales appear inner, transitory scales that on many bosks are coloured. In the flower, the petals and stamens are located inside the sepals. In the vegetative buds of woody plants the true leaves are arranged centrally, tightly packed, the internodes not yet having expanded. This gesture, typical of the flower, is quickly lost during the growth of the young branch, whereas with the flower it remains during the entire flowering period. The comparison of the true leaves situated in the centre of the vegetative bud with the carpels that are likewise situated in the centre of the flower readily comes to mind.

In metamorphosis theory, the annual plant serves as a model with whose help the metamorphosis of the shoot to the carpel can be visualised. But the metamorphosis to the flower can be understood more readily if we take the perennial, especially the woody plant, as the model. In studying the bud forming process of the perennial we can see a close relationship between the vegetative bud and that of the flower. In the flower, spore formation is added as a specific formative principle.  

References
  • Barthélémy, D., Caraglio, Y. (2007): Plant Architecture: A dynamic, multi level and comprehensive approach to plant form, structure and ontogeny. Annals of Bot. 99, S. 375–407.
  • Barthélémy, D., Caraglio, Y., Costes, E. (1997). Architecture, gradients morphogénétiques et âge physiologique chez les végétaux. In: Bouchon, J., de Reffye P., Barthélémy, D. (eds). Modélisation et simulation de l’architecture des végétaux. Sciences Update. Paris: Editions INRA, S. 89–136.
  • Bockemühl, J. (1982a): Der Pflanzentypus als Bewegungsgestalt. Gesichts- punkte zum Studium der Blattmetamorphosen. Goetheanistische Naturwissenschaft; 2 Botanik, S. 7–16.
  • Bockemühl, J. (1982b): Bildebewegungen im Laubblattbereich höherer Pflanzen. Goetheanistische Naturwissenschaft; 2 Botanik, S. 17–35.
  • Bockemühl, J. (1982c): Äusserungen des Zeitleibes in den Bildebewegungen der Pflanze. Goetheanistische Naturwissenschaft; 2 Botanik, S. 36–43.
  • Bockemühl, J. (2003): Ein Leitfaden zur Heilpflanzenerkenntnis. Bd. III: Doldengewächse, Kreuzblütler, Hahnenfussgewächse. Dornach.
  • Classen-Bockhoff, R., Bull-Hereñu, K. (2013). Towards an ontogenetic under- standing of inflorescence diversity. Annals of Bot. 112, S. 1523–1542.
  • Debazac, E. F. (1963): Morphologie et sexualité chez les Pins. Revue forestière française 4, S. 293–303.
  • Edelin, C. (1984): L’architecture monopodiale: l’exemple de quelques arbres d’Asie Tropicale. University Montpellier 2; Thesis Doct. Etat
  • Gleissner, P. (1998): Das Verzweigungsmuster ausgewählter Laubbaumarten und seine Veränderung durch nicht-pathogene Schädigungen. PHF 6, S. 1–85.
  • Göbel, T. (1987): Zeitgesten in den Abwandlungen der Blattmetamorphosen bei ein- und mehrjährigen Blütenpflanzen. Tycho de Brahe Jahrbuch 1987.
  • Göbel, T. (1994): Erdengeist und Landschaftsseele. Gestaltwirkungen geistiger Wesen im Pflanzenreich und in der Mistel. Dornach.
  • Goethe, J. W. (1790): Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklären. Ettinger, Gotha.
  • Hallé, F. (2008a):Les arbres. In: Hallé, F. (ed.) Aux origines des plantes. Des plantes annciennes à la botanique du XXIe siècle. Fayard, Paris, S. 240–253.
  • Hallé, F. (2008b):La croissance et la ramification des plantes. In: Hallé, F. (ed.) Aux origines des plantes. Des plantes anciennes à la botanique du XXIe siècle. Fayard, Paris, S. 134–153.
  • Hallé, F., Ng, F.S.P. (1981): Crown construction in mature Dipterocarptrees. Malaysian Forester 44, S. 222–223.
  • Harlan, V. (2002): Das Bild der Pflanze in Wissenschaft und Kunst. Mayer, Stuttgart, Berlin, 236.
  • Honda, M. (2010). Internet (22.02.2015): http://www.hondae.com/A03_ Classification/PhylogeneticCladeTreeAPG2009B.htm
  • Kalisch, M. (2009): Werkstattgeheimnisse der Pflanzenmetamorphose: Aus welchem vegetativen «Material» stammen Blütenhülle und Frucht? In: Elemente d. N. 90, S. 140–158.
  • Leins, P., Erbar, C. (2008): Blüte und Frucht; Morphologie, Entwicklungs- geschichte, Phylogenie, Funktion, Ökologie. 2. Auflage. Stuttgart.
  • Preusse, H., Buss, G. (2009): Der Baum; Mittler zwischen Himmel und Erde. Dresden, S. 126.
  • De Reffeye, P., Barthélémy, D., Cournède, P.-H., Jaeger M. (2008): Modélisation et simulation de l’architecture et de la production végétale. In: Hallé, F. (ed.) Aux origines des plantes I. Fayard, Paris, S. 184–227.
  • Sabatier, S., Barthélémy, D. (1995): Architecture du Cèdre de l’Atlas, Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière (Pinaceae). In: Bouchon, J. (ed.) Architecture des arbres fruitiers et forestiers, Montpellier (FRA), 23–25 Novembre 1993. Les Colloques no. 74, Paris: INRA Editions, S. 157–173.
  • Sabatier, S., Barthélémy, D. (2001): Bud structure in relation to shoot morphology and position on the vegetative annual shoots of Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae). Annals of Botany 87: S. 117–123.
  • Schilperoord, P. (1997): The concept of morphological polarity and its implication on the concept of the essential organs and on the concept of the organisation type of the dicotyledonous plant. Acta Biotheoretica, 45: S. 51–63.
  • Schilperoord, P. (2011): Metamorphosen im Pflanzenreich. Lesen im Buch der Verwandlungen. S. 183.
  • Schilperoord, P. (2015): Ein neues Modell für die Urpflanze – die mehrjährige Blütenpflanze. Elemente d. N. 103, S. 28–40.
  • Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards): Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 12, July 2012.
  • Suchantke, A. (1982): Die Zeitgestalt der Pflanze. Goetheanistische Natur- wissenschaft; 2 Botanik, S. 55–81.
  • Troll, W. (1938): Vergleichende Morphologie der höheren Pflanzen Bd. 1: Vegetationsorgane. Teil 2, S. 1333ff. Königstein/Taunus.